Skip to content
Psoriasis: The Missing Manual

References

  1. Armstrong AW, Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1945-1960. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4006. PubMed

  2. Sieminska I, Pieniawska M, Grzywa TM. The immunology of psoriasis — current concepts in pathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2024;66(2):164-191. doi:10.1007/s12016-024-08991-7. PMC

  3. Griffiths CEM, Armstrong AW, Gudjonsson JE, Barker JNWN. Psoriasis. Lancet. 2021;397(10281):1301-1315. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32549-6. Lancet

  4. Hawkes JE, Chan TC, Krueger JG. Psoriasis pathogenesis and the development of novel targeted immune therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):645-653. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.004. Full text

  5. Dand N, Mahil SK, Capon F, et al. GWAS meta-analysis of psoriasis identifies new susceptibility alleles impacting disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Commun. 2025;16:2051. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56719-8. Nature

  6. Capon F. Psoriasis and genetics. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(3):adv00030. Full text

  7. Gelfand JM et al. A partitioned 88-loci psoriasis genetic risk score reveals HLA and non-HLA contributions to clinical phenotypes in a Newfoundland psoriasis cohort. Front Genet. 2023;14:1141010. Frontiers

  8. Strange A, Capon F, Spencer CCA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new psoriasis susceptibility loci and an interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1. Nat Genet. 2010;42(11):985-990. PMC

  9. El-Boghdady NA et al. The genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and the relationship of linked genes to our treatment options. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42415. PMC

  10. Li M, et al. Genetics of psoriasis: a basis for precision medicine. Precis Clin Med. 2019;2(2):120-130. doi:10.1093/pcmedi/pbz010. Oxford Academic

  11. Xiong Y, Xue J, Tong M, Xu T, Bai X. Dynamic trend analysis of global psoriasis burden from 1990 to 2021. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1518681. PMC

  12. Dimmock PW, Aalemi AK, Parisi R, et al. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: Global Psoriasis Atlas 2024 update. Br J Dermatol. 2024;191(Suppl_3):ljae360.061. Oxford Academic

  13. Michalek IM, Loring B, John SM. A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(2):205-212. PubMed

  14. Parisi R, Symmons DPM, Griffiths CEM, Ashcroft DM. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(2):377-385. PubMed

  15. Dairov A, Issabekova A, Sekenova A, et al. Prevalence, incidence, gender and age distribution, and economic burden of psoriasis worldwide and in Kazakhstan. J Clin Med Kazakhstan. 2024;21(2):18-30. Full text (PDF)

  16. Zhu X, Zheng A, et al. Triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis: a review and update. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22:108. doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01381-0. Springer

  17. Ko SH, et al. Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7:CD011972. PMC

  18. Naldi L. Psoriasis and smoking: links and risks. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2016;6:65-71. PMC

  19. Luca M, et al. The role of smoking in psoriasis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(5):856. PMC

  20. Zhou W, et al. Tobacco smoking negatively influences the achievement of greater than three-quarters reduction in PASI after eight weeks of treatment. Tob Induc Dis. 2024;22:60. Full text

  21. Caso F, et al. The role of lifestyle and nutrition in psoriasis: current status of knowledge and interventions. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(11):e15811. PMC

  22. Takahashi H, Iizuka H. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. J Dermatol. 2012;39(3):212-218. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01408.x. PubMed

  23. Hu SC, Lan CE. Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2211. MDPI

  24. Ni C, Chiu MW. Psoriasis and comorbidities: links and risks. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:119-132. Dove Press

  25. Garshick MS, Ward NL, Krueger JG, Berger JS. Cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(13):1670-1680. JACC

  26. National Psoriasis Foundation. What are the related medical conditions of psoriasis? Updated 2024. Website

  27. ten Bergen LL, et al. The TNF/IL-23/IL-17 axis — head-to-head trials comparing different biologics in psoriasis treatment. Scand J Immunol. 2020;92(4):e12946. Wiley

  28. Fatani M, et al. Review on recommendations on the use of biologic treatments for psoriasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2025. Taylor & Francis (PDF)

  29. Sbidian E, Chaimani A, et al. Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;7:CD011535. Cochrane

  30. Childs B, Romanelli S, Merola JF, Gottlieb AB. From the Masterclasses in Dermatology 2024 Meeting: Updates in Psoriasis Treatments. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2025;18(2):16-22. PMC

  31. Dey AK, et al. Emerging oral therapies for the treatment of psoriasis: a review of pipeline agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(1):137. PMC

  32. Gopika M, et al. Advances in psoriasis research: from pathogenesis to therapeutics. Life Sci. 2024;355:122935. ScienceDirect

  33. Al-Kufi SNH, et al. Advancements in understanding and treating psoriasis: a comprehensive review. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19354. PMC

  34. Tsankov NK, et al. Advances in understanding the immunological pathways in psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):739. MDPI

  35. Armstrong AW, et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2025;11:46. Nature

  36. Wang X, et al. Global burden of psoriasis from 1990 to 2021 and potential factors: a systematic analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2025 (in press). ScienceDirect

  37. Li X, et al. Efficacy and safety of biologics targeting IL-17 and IL-23 in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;62:46-58. ScienceDirect

  38. Fotiadou C, et al. New therapies in the biological treatment of psoriasis: a review. Biologics. 2025;5(2):19. MDPI

  39. Liu J, et al. Critical role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2017;44(8):863-872. PubMed

  40. Xie X, et al. Biologics for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2025;15:1497-1527. PMC

  41. Chen H, et al. Systemic psoriasis: from molecular mechanisms to global management strategies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025. doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09089-4. Springer

  42. Prussick RB, Miele L. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with psoriasis: a consequence of systemic inflammatory burden? Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(1):16-29. doi:10.1111/bjd.16239. PubMed

  43. Li T, et al. A practical guide to biologic treatments for psoriasis in Asia. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2025 (online). Full text (PDF)

  44. Cheng Y, et al. GWAS and comprehensive analysis of psoriasis in the Taiwanese population. Mol Med Rep. 2024;30(1):104. Spandidos

  45. Egilman AC, Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Raymakers AJN, Rome BN. Use of efficiency frontiers to align prices and clinical benefits of biologic therapies for plaque psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(4):409-416. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.6236. PMC

  46. Rome BN, Han J, Mooney H, Kesselheim AS. Use and cost of first-line biologic medications to treat plaque psoriasis in the US. JAMA Dermatol. 2025;161(6):622-628. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.0669. PubMed

  47. Cohen AD, Wu JJ, Puig L, et al. Biosimilars for psoriasis: worldwide overview of regulatory guidelines, uptake and implications for dermatology clinical practice. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(6):1495-1502. doi:10.1111/bjd.15756. PubMed

  48. National Psoriasis Foundation. Current biologics on the market for psoriatic disease. Website

  49. Rome BN, Bhaskar A, Kesselheim AS. Use, Spending, and Prices of Adalimumab Following Biosimilar Competition. JAMA Health Forum. 2024;5(12):e243964. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.3964. PubMed

  50. Phan DB, Elyoussfi S, Stevenson M, Lunt M, Warren RB, Yiu ZZN. Biosimilars for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(7):763-771. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.1338. PubMed

  51. Lewitt G, et al. Psoriasis therapies in 2024 and beyond. Dermatology Times. 2024. Website

  52. Brajac I, Gruber F. History of Psoriasis. In: O’Daly J, editor. Psoriasis — A Systemic Disease. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2012. p. 57-68. doi:10.5772/27640. IntechOpen

  53. Holubar K. Psoriasis and parapsoriasis: since 200 and 100 years, respectively. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(2):126-127. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00622.x. JEADV

  54. Willan R. On Cutaneous Diseases. Vol. 1. London: J. Johnson; 1808. Internet Archive

  55. Auspitz H. Ueber das Verhaltniss der Oberhaut zur Papillarschicht. Archiv fur Dermatologie und Syphilis. 1870;2:24-58. doi:10.1007/BF01822714. Springer

  56. Ingram JT. The approach to psoriasis. Br Med J. 1953;2(4836):591-594. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4836.591. BMJ

  57. Dennis M, Bhutani T, Koo J, Liao W. The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24(4):319-327. PMC

  58. Edmundson WF, Guy WB. Treatment of psoriasis with folic acid antagonists. AMA Arch Derm. 1958;78(2):200-203. doi:10.1001/archderm.1958.01560080060010. PubMed

  59. Mueller W, Herrmann B. Cyclosporin A for psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(10):555. doi:10.1056/NEJM197909063011016. PubMed

  60. Eedy DJ, Burrows D, Bridges JM, Jones FG. Clearance of severe psoriasis after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. BMJ. 1990;300(6729):908. doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6729.908. BMJ

  61. Kurd SK, Troxel AB, Crits-Christoph P, Gelfand JM. The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(8):891-895. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.186. PubMed

  62. Dalgard FJ, Gieler U, Tomas-Aragones L, et al. The psychological burden of skin diseases: a cross-sectional multicenter study among dermatological out-patients in 13 European countries. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(4):984-991. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.530. PubMed

  63. Williams K, Lada G, Reynolds NJ, et al. Risk of suicide and suicidality in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: results from BADBIR. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2025;50(4):804-811. doi:10.1093/ced/llae449. PubMed

  64. Griffiths CEM, Fava M, Miller AH, et al. Impact of Ixekizumab Treatment on Depressive Symptoms and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis. Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86(5):260-267. doi:10.1159/000479163. PubMed

  65. Abboud E, Chrayteh D, Boussetta N, et al. Skin hepcidin initiates psoriasiform skin inflammation via Fe-driven hyperproliferation and neutrophil recruitment. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):6718. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50993-8. PMC

  66. Olafsson S, Rodriguez E, Lawson ARJ, et al. Effects of psoriasis and psoralen exposure on the somatic mutation landscape of the skin. Nat Genet. 2023;55(11):1892-1900. doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01545-1. PubMed

  67. Bissonnette R, Soung J, Hebert AA, et al. Oral Icotrokinra for Plaque Psoriasis in Adults and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(18):1784-1795. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2504187. PubMed

  68. Tehlirian C, et al. Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition With Zasocitinib (TAK-279) in Psoriasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2024. PubMed

  69. Nielsen ML, Thein D, Rasmussen MK, et al. Trajectories and prognosis after discontinuation of biologics due to remission in psoriasis: A nationwide cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88(6):1378-1381. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.01.029. PubMed

  70. Murase JE, Chan KK, Garite TJ, Cooper DM, Weinstein GD. Hormonal effect on psoriasis in pregnancy and post partum. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(5):601-606. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.601. PubMed

  71. Mariette X, Forger F, Abraham B, et al. Lack of placental transfer of certolizumab pegol during pregnancy: results from CRIB, a prospective, postmarketing, pharmacokinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(2):228-233. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212196. PubMed

  72. Jeong YD, Jo H, Cho H, et al. Biologics Use for Psoriasis during Pregnancy and Its Related Adverse Outcomes: Findings from WHO Pharmacovigilance Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2025;186(6):579-593. doi:10.1159/000542217. PubMed

  73. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psoriasis: assessment and management (CG153). Updated September 2017. NICE

  74. Meeuwis KAP, de Hullu JA, van de Nieuwenhof HP, Evers AWM, Massuger LFAG, van de Kerkhof PCM, van Rossum MM. Quality of life and sexual health in patients with genital psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1247-1255. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10249.x. PubMed

  75. Mahil SK, Dand N, Mason KJ, et al.; PsoProtect study group. Factors associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with psoriasis — insights from a global registry-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):60-71. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.007. PubMed

  76. Yiu ZZN, Ashcroft DM, Evans I, et al.; BADBIR Study Group. Infliximab is associated with an increased risk of serious infection in patients with psoriasis in the U.K. and Republic of Ireland: results from BADBIR. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(2):329-337. doi:10.1111/bjd.17036. PubMed

  77. MacKenna B, Kennedy NA, Mehrkar A, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022;4(7):e490-e506. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00098-4. PubMed

  78. Mahil SK, Bechman K, Raharja A, et al. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity to a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in people receiving methotrexate or targeted immunosuppression: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022;4(1):e42-e52. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00333-7. PubMed

  79. Haberman RH, Herati R, Simon D, et al. Methotrexate hampers immunogenicity to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(10):1339-1344. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220597. PubMed

  80. Haberman RH, Um S, Engel AJ, et al.; SAGA investigators. Methotrexate and TNF inhibitors affect long-term immunogenicity to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022;4(6):e384-e387. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00069-8. PubMed

  81. Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation COVID-19 Task Force guidance for management of psoriatic disease during the pandemic: Version 2 — Advances in psoriatic disease management, COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(5):1254-1268. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.12.058. PubMed

  82. Perez-Bootello J, Berna-Rico E, Abbad-Jaime de Aragon C, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Patients With Psoriasis: The MEDIPSO Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2025;161(12):1215-1223. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.3410. PubMed

  83. Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet. 1988;1(8582):378-380. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91181-6. PubMed

  84. Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(25):1812-1816. doi:10.1056/NEJM199306243282504. PubMed

  85. Huang YW, Tsai TF. Remission Duration and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis Treated by Biologics or Tofacitinib in Controlled Clinical Trials: A 15-Year Single-Center Experience. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9(3):553-569. doi:10.1007/s13555-019-0310-5. PubMed

  86. Armstrong AW, Gondo GC, Merola JF, et al.; Remission Workgroup of the National Psoriasis Foundation. Defining On-Treatment Remission in Plaque Psoriasis: A Consensus Statement From the National Psoriasis Foundation. JAMA Dermatol. 2025;161(8):863-869. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.1625. PubMed

  87. Ibrahim GH, Buch MH, Lawson C, Rajber R, Helliwell PS. Evaluation of an existing screening tool for psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis and the development of a new instrument: the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) questionnaire. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27(3):469-474. PubMed

  88. Chen H, Poon A, Yeung C, et al. A Genetic Risk Score Combining Ten Psoriasis Risk Loci Improves Disease Prediction. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(4):e19454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019454. PLOS ONE

  89. Kolchak NA, Tetarnikova MK, Theodoropoulou MS, Michalopoulou AP, Theodoropoulos DS. Prevalence of antigliadin IgA antibodies in psoriasis vulgaris and response of seropositive patients to a gluten-free diet. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018;11:13-19. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S122256. PubMed

  90. Jensen P, Zachariae C, Christensen R, et al. Long-term effects of weight reduction on the severity of psoriasis in a cohort derived from a randomized trial: a prospective observational follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):259-265. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.125849. PubMed

  91. Mackensen A, Muller F, Mougiakakos D, et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2022;28(10):2124-2132. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02017-5. PubMed

  92. Muller F, Boeltz S, Knitza J, Schett G, et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease — a case series with follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(8):687-700. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2308917. PubMed

  93. Wang SY, An WH, Wang ZS, et al. Incidentally cured psoriasis in a patient with refractory/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving CD19 CAR-T cell therapy: a case report. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1418768. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418768. PubMed

  94. Yi JZ, McGee JS. Epigenetic-modifying therapies: an emerging avenue for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Exp Dermatol. 2021;30(8):1167-1176. doi:10.1111/exd.14334. PubMed

  95. Nadeem A, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Harbi MM, et al. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation is suppressed by BET bromodomain inhibitor in mice through RORC/IL-17A pathway modulation. Pharmacol Res. 2015;99:248-257. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.001. PubMed

  96. Huang K, Wu X, Li Y, et al. Artificial intelligence-based psoriasis severity assessment: real-world study and application. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e44932. doi:10.2196/44932. PubMed

  97. Goessinger EV, Gottfrois P, Mueller AM, Cerminara SE, Navarini AA. Image-based artificial intelligence in psoriasis assessment: the beginning of a new diagnostic era? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024;25(6):861-872. doi:10.1007/s40257-024-00883-y. PubMed

  98. Zhang X, He Y. The role of nociceptive neurons in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1984. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01984. PubMed

  99. Sayed BA, et al. Apremilast: First Pediatric Approval. Paediatr Drugs. 2024. doi:10.1007/s40272-024-00659-x. PubMed

  100. Kimmel GW, Lebwohl M. Psoriasis: Overview and Diagnosis. In: Bhutani T, Liao W, Nakamura M, editors. Evidence-Based Psoriasis. Springer; 2018. p. 1-16. PMC

  101. Dowlatshahi EA, Wakkee M, Arends LR, Nijsten T. The prevalence and odds of depressive symptoms and clinical depression in psoriasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1542-1551. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.508. PubMed

  102. National Psoriasis Foundation. Psoriasis Health Indicator Report. 2024. Website

  103. Adelekun A, Onyekaba G, Lipoff JB. Skin color in dermatology textbooks: An updated evaluation and analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(1):194-196. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.084. PubMed

  104. Queiro R, Morante I, Cabezas I, Acasuso B. HLA-B27 and psoriatic disease: a modern view of an old relationship. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(2):221-229. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev296. PubMed

  105. Puig L. Obesity and psoriasis: body weight and body mass index influence the response to biological treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(9):1007-1011. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04065.x. PubMed

  106. Blauvelt A, Papp K, Trivedi M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the ustekinumab biosimilar ABP 654 in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2025;192(5):826-836. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljae402. PubMed

  107. Armstrong AW, Soliman AM, Betts KA, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Relative Ranking of Biologics and Oral Therapies for Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis: A Network Meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021;11(3):885-905. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00511-1. PubMed

  108. Menter A, Strober BE, Kaplan DH, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1029-1072. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.057. PubMed

  109. Strober B, Tada Y, Mrowietz U, et al. Bimekizumab maintenance of response through 3 years in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results from the BE BRIGHT open-label extension trial. Br J Dermatol. 2023;188(6):749-759. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad035. PubMed

  110. Lin YK, Wong WR, Chang YC, et al. The efficacy and safety of topically applied indigo naturalis ointment in patients with plaque-type psoriasis. Dermatology. 2007;214(2):155-161. doi:10.1159/000098576. PubMed

  111. Lv M, Deng J, Tang N, Zeng Y, Lu C. Efficacy and safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on psoriasis vulgaris: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:2623085. doi:10.1155/2018/2623085. PubMed

  112. Yeh ML, Ko SH, Wang MH, Chi CC, Chung YC. Acupuncture-related techniques for psoriasis: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(12):930-940. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0158. PubMed

  113. Thomas SE, Barenbrug L, Hannink G, Seyger MMB, de Jong EMGJ, van den Reek JMPA. Drug survival of IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2024;84(5):565-578. doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02028-1. PubMed

  114. Korman NJ, Zhao Y, Pike J, Roberts J. Relationship between psoriasis severity, clinical symptoms, quality of life and work productivity among patients in the USA. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016;41(5):514-521. doi:10.1111/ced.12841. PubMed

  115. Molina-Leyva A, Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Naranjo-Sintes R, Ruiz-Carrascosa JC. Sexual dysfunction in psoriasis: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(4):649-655. doi:10.1111/jdv.12845. PubMed

  116. Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al.; CASPAR Study Group. Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(8):2665-2673. doi:10.1002/art.21972. PubMed

  117. Dai Q, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang C. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation on psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0294239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294239. PubMed

  118. Morrow A, et al. The effect of weight-loss interventions on psoriasis severity and metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025;39(7):1636-1648. doi:10.1111/jdv.20415. PubMed

  119. Anheyer D, et al. Herbal medicines for psoriasis: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2025;89:103134. ScienceDirect

  120. Li Y, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics for psoriasis: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2025;89:103098. ScienceDirect

  121. Michaëlsson G, Gerdén B, Hagforsen E, et al. Psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin can be improved by a gluten-free diet. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(1):44-51. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03240.x. PubMed

  122. Balak DMW, Gerdes S, Parodi A, Skov L. Long-term safety of oral systemic therapies for psoriasis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;12(11):2589-2613. doi:10.1007/s13555-022-00802-z. PubMed

  123. Zhou J, Luo Q, Cheng Y, Wen X, Liu J. An update on genetic basis of guttate psoriasis in the era of genome-wide association studies. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1473276. PMC

  124. Ko HC, Jwa SW, Song M, Kim MB, Kwon KS. Clinical course of guttate psoriasis: long-term follow-up study. J Dermatol. 2010;37(10):894-899. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00871.x. PubMed

  125. Galili E, Rubinstein Levy S, Golan-Tripto I, et al. New-onset guttate psoriasis: a long-term follow-up study. Dermatology. 2023;239(2):233-239. doi:10.1159/000528395. PMC

  126. Iversen L, Conrad C, Eidsmo L, et al. Secukinumab demonstrates superiority over narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in new-onset moderate to severe plaque psoriasis patients: week 52 results from the STEPIn study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37(5):1004-1016. doi:10.1111/jdv.18846. JEADV

  127. Eyerich K, et al. Early disease intervention with guselkumab in psoriasis leads to a higher rate of stable complete skin clearance (‘clinical super response’). JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(8):953-963. JAMA Dermatology

  128. Warren RB, Blauvelt A, Bagel J, et al. Bimekizumab versus adalimumab in plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):130-141. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2102388. NEJM

  129. Floris A, et al. Treatment of psoriasis with different classes of biologics reduces the likelihood of peripheral and axial psoriatic arthritis development. Rheumatology. 2025;64(3):1131-1137. Oxford Academic

  130. Lada G, Chinoy H, Heal C, Warren RB, Talbot PS, Kleyn CE. Depression and suicidality in patients with psoriasis and the role of psoriatic arthritis: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary setting. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2022;63(4):372-383. doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.12.007. PubMed

  131. Balato N, Patruno C, Napolitano M, Patri A, Ayala F, Scarpa R. Managing moderate-to-severe psoriasis in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(4):233-238. doi:10.1007/s40266-014-0156-6. PubMed

  132. Kalb RE, Fiorentino DF, Lebwohl MG, et al. Risk of serious infection with biologic and systemic treatment of psoriasis: results from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(9):961-969. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0718. PubMed

  133. Barnes L, Kaya G, Rollason V. Topical corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy: a comprehensive review. Drug Saf. 2015;38(5):493-509. doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0287-7. PubMed

  134. Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Prater EF, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy and alternative medicine modalities for psoriasis severity measures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(2):432-470. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.087. PubMed

  135. Kleyn CE, Morsman E, Griffin L, et al. Review of international psoriasis guidelines for the treatment of psoriasis: recommendations for topical corticosteroid treatments. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30(4):311-319. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1620502. Taylor & Francis

  136. Tremezaygues L, Reichrath J. Vitamin D analogs in the treatment of psoriasis: where are we standing and where will we be going? Dermato-Endocrinology. 2011;3(3):180-186. doi:10.4161/derm.3.3.17534. PMC

  137. Zhao Y, Asahina A, Asawanonda P, et al. Systematic review and practical guidance on the use of topical calcipotriol and topical calcipotriol with betamethasone dipropionate as long-term therapy for mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2021;48(7):940-960. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15806. PubMed

  138. Malecic N, Young H. Tacrolimus for the management of psoriasis: clinical utility and place in therapy. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2016;6:153-163. doi:10.2147/PTT.S101233. PMC

  139. Amiri D, Schwarz CW, Gether L, et al. Safety and efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of facial and genital psoriasis: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv6525. doi:10.2340/actadv.v103.6525. PMC

  140. Sekhon S, Jeon C, Nakamura M, et al. Review of the mechanism of action of coal tar in psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018;29(3):230-232. doi:10.1080/09546634.2017.1369494. PubMed

  141. Avalos-Viveros M, Esquivel-Garcia R, Garcia-Perez M, et al. Updated view of tars for psoriasis: what have we learned over the last decade? Int J Dermatol. 2023;62(3):290-301. doi:10.1111/ijd.16193. Wiley

  142. Statham BN, Ryatt KS, Rowell NR. Short-contact dithranol therapy — a comparison with the Ingram regime. Br J Dermatol. 1984;110(6):703-708. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04708.x. PubMed

  143. Jacobi A, Mayer A, Augustin M. Keratolytics and emollients and their role in the therapy of psoriasis: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015;5(1):1-18. doi:10.1007/s13555-015-0068-3. PMC

  144. Weinstein GD, Krueger GG, Lowe NJ, et al. Tazarotene gel, a new retinoid, for topical therapy of psoriasis: vehicle-controlled study of safety, efficacy, and duration of therapeutic effect. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(1):85-92. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70216-0. ScienceDirect

  145. Lebwohl MG, Stein Gold L, Strober B, et al. Phase 3 trials of tapinarof cream for plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(24):2219-2229. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103629. PubMed

  146. Contento M, Cline A, Russo M. Steroid phobia: a review of prevalence, risk factors, and interventions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(6):837-851. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00623-6. PubMed

  147. Long CC, Finlay AY. The finger-tip unit — a new practical measure. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991;16(6):444-447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb01232.x. PubMed

  148. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ZORYVE (roflumilast) cream prescribing information. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2022. FDA Label

  149. Coates LC, Soriano ER, Corp N, et al. Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA): updated treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis 2021. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(8):465-479. doi:10.1038/s41584-022-00798-0. PubMed

  150. Haroon M, Gallagher P, FitzGerald O. Diagnostic delay of more than 6 months contributes to poor radiographic and functional outcome in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):1045-1050. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204858. PubMed

  151. Veale DJ, Fearon U. The pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Lancet. 2018;391(10136):2273-2284. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30830-4. PubMed

  152. Bhatia BK, Millsop JW, Debbaneh M, et al. Diet and psoriasis, part 2: celiac disease and role of a gluten-free diet. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(2):350-358. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.017. PMC

  153. Dand N, Duckworth M, Baudry D, et al. HLA-C*06:02 genotype is a predictive biomarker of biologic treatment response in psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(6):2120-2130. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.038. Full text

  154. Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) — a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(3):210-216. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01167.x. PubMed

  155. Boyd AS, Neldner KH. The isomorphic response of Koebner. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(6):401-410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb03821.x. PubMed

  156. World Health Organization. Global Report on Psoriasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. WHO

  157. Reich K, Warren RB, Lebwohl M, et al. Bimekizumab versus secukinumab in plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):142-152. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2102383. NEJM

  158. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ZORYVE (roflumilast) cream 0.3% and 0.15% prescribing information (supplement approval for ages 6+). Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2023. FDA Label

  159. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ZORYVE (roflumilast) topical foam, 0.3% prescribing information. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2025. FDA Label

  160. Shou Y, Yang L, Yang Y, Xu J. Inhibition of keratinocyte ferroptosis suppresses psoriatic inflammation. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15(11):831. doi:10.1038/s41419-024-07219-8. PubMed

  161. Naik S, Fuchs E. Inflammatory memory and tissue adaptation in sickness and in health. Cell Res. 2025;35:301-316. doi:10.1038/s41422-025-01171-y. Nature

  162. Tankov S, Rørvig S. Trained immunity in psoriasis: LL-37/DNA complexes induce metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Immunol Invest. 2025;54(4):1-18. doi:10.1080/08820139.2025.2519666. Taylor & Francis

  163. Watanabe T, Tsuchiya T, Kido-Nakahara M, Nakahara T. NETs amplify keratinocyte-derived IL-36 and CCL20 in pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci. 2025;117(1):27-35. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.17585. Wiley

  164. Bachelez H, Choon SE, Marber M, et al. Spesolimab mitigates residual inflammation and prevents flares in generalised pustular psoriasis. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(4):e188530. doi:10.1172/JCI188530. JCI

  165. Mahil SK, Twelves S, Mostowy S, et al. AP1S3 mutations cause autophagy deficiency and IL-36 pathway activation in pustular psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(7):1567-1576. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.017. ScienceDirect

  166. Zhang Y, Wang C, Li L, et al. IL-17A impairs autophagy in psoriatic keratinocytes via mTOR pathway activation. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1489235. PMC

  167. Jiang M, Fang H, Shao S, et al. Extracellular vesicles in psoriasis pathogenesis: from biomarkers to therapeutic targets. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1360618. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360618. Frontiers

  168. Lu Y, Chen X, Wang H, et al. Lipid profiling of extracellular vesicles in biologic-treated psoriasis patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(24):13677. PMC

  169. Sorokin AV, Kotani K, Engel LC, et al. Metabolomic profiling identifies novel biomarkers and pathways in psoriasis. J Proteome Res. 2024;23(8):3456-3467. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00173. PMC

  170. Kim GK, Del Rosso JQ. Drug-provoked psoriasis: is it drug induced or drug aggravated? Understanding pathophysiology and clinical relevance. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(1):32-38. PubMed

  171. Balak DMW, Hajdarbegovic E. Drug-induced psoriasis: clinical perspectives. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2017;7:87-94. doi:10.2147/PTT.S126727. PMC

  172. Brunasso AMG, Massone C, Bevölkerung K. Palmoplantar psoriasis: current and emerging treatments. J Clin Med. 2025;14(10):3273. doi:10.3390/jcm14103273. MDPI

  173. Terui T, Kato T, Tagami H, et al. Apremilast for palmoplantar pustulosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial in Japan. J Dermatolog Treat. 2024;35(1):2414048. doi:10.1080/09546634.2024.2414048. Taylor & Francis

  174. Sorokin AV, Patel N, Engel LC, et al. Plasma proteomics-based risk scoring for psoriasis diagnosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2025;145(7):1589-1598. PMC

  175. Zhang PW, Dong Q, Wang H, et al. Identification of plasma metabolites and dipeptides as diagnostic biomarkers for psoriasis vulgaris through LC-HRMS-based metabolomics. J Proteome Res. 2025;24(1):46-54. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00173. ACS

  176. Vaengebjerg S, Skov L, Egeberg A, Loft ND. Psoriasis and cancer risk: a comprehensive review. Cancers. 2024;16(24):4224. doi:10.3390/cancers16244224. MDPI

  177. Li R, Luo W, Chen X, et al. An observational and genetic investigation into the association between psoriasis and risk of malignancy. Nat Commun. 2024;15:7952. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51824-6. Nature

  178. Wan J, Wang S, Haynes K, Denburg MR, Shin DB, Gelfand JM. Risk of moderate to advanced kidney disease in patients with psoriasis: population based cohort study. Front Med. 2023;10:1175477. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1175477. Frontiers

  179. Kalogeropoulos C, Gorgoli A. Ocular manifestations in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a comprehensive review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2025;33(3):1-12. doi:10.1080/09273948.2025.2459710. Taylor & Francis

  180. Kim J, Lee S, Park H, et al. Biologic therapy reduces ocular inflammatory disease in psoriasis. Eye. 2026;40(3):512-520. doi:10.1038/s41433-026-04274-x. Nature Eye

  181. Aljasser MI, Almohanna HM, Tosti A, et al. Hearing impairment in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;89(4):789-797. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.05.010. PubMed

  182. Keller JJ, Lin HC. The association between psoriasis and periodontal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49(Suppl 24):S115-S128. PMC

  183. Kalakonda B, Koppolu P, Alqerban A, et al. Periodontitis and psoriasis: a shared pathogenesis and bidirectional relationship. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(10):1825. doi:10.3390/medicina61101825. MDPI

  184. Passos JSG, Villani AC, Machado PRL, et al. Osteoporosis and bone health in psoriasis: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5800. PMC

  185. Fu Y, Chi C. Psoriasis and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:917751. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.917751. Frontiers

  186. Ghannam M, Al-Khami A, Jaber M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea in psoriasis: prevalence and shared inflammatory pathways. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2025;15(4):1023-1035. PMC

  187. Hirotsu C, Rydlewski M, Araújo MS, et al. Sleep disturbance in psoriasis: bidirectional relationships with inflammation. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2024;14(7):1789-1802. doi:10.1007/s13555-024-01211-2. Springer

  188. Zhang Y, Li P, Chen S, et al. Sexual dysfunction in psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1339196. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1339196. Frontiers

  189. Hahn M, Krause K, Schön MP, et al. Adalimumab improves erectile function, spermatogenesis, and testosterone levels in psoriasis patients. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316(8):512. doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03520-0. Springer

  190. Jaworecka K, Rzepko M, Murer C, et al. The neuro-immune itch axis in psoriasis: TRPV1, IL-31, and NGF pathways. Inflammation. 2025;48(2):567-582. doi:10.1007/s10753-025-02385-3. Springer

  191. Takahashi K, Yamasaki K. Skin microbiota, NGF, and TRPV1: a neuro-microbial axis in psoriatic itch. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;124:110934. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110934. ScienceDirect

  192. Akdeniz M, Ünal S, Yücel A, et al. Central sensitisation and neuropathic pain in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2025;45(5):789-798. PMC

  193. Puig L, Carrascosa JM, Daudén E, et al. Peripheral polyneuropathy in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Muscle Nerve. 2024;70(4):567-574. doi:10.1002/mus.28196. Wiley

  194. Goulding JMR, Price CL, Defty CL, et al. Telemedicine in dermatology: outcomes and patient satisfaction. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27(1):e73664. doi:10.2196/73664. JMIR

  195. Smith CH, Yiu ZZN, Bale T, et al. Digital health and remote monitoring in psoriasis. Front Digit Health. 2025;7:1656585. doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1656585. Frontiers

  196. Zhu Y, Wang H, Li C, et al. The gut-skin axis in psoriasis: microbiome-immune interactions. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1711288. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1711288. Frontiers

  197. Liu X, Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. Indole-producing gut bacteria remodel epigenetic state of skin Th17 cells via AhR activation. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2473524. doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2473524. Taylor & Francis

  198. Fyhrquist N, Muber S, Goffinet C, et al. IL-23 inhibitor treatment reduces Malassezia in the skin mycobiome of psoriasis patients. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(20):e184315. doi:10.1172/JCI184315. JCI

  199. Chen L, Huang X, Zhao J, et al. Association between ambient air pollution and psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2024;31(38):50789-50802. PubMed

  200. Huang T, Li J, Zhang Y, et al. PM2.5-related DNA methylation at ZMIZ1 locus and psoriasis risk. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2024;24(8):240062. doi:10.4209/aaqr.240062. Springer

  201. Bożek A, Reich A. The reliability of three psoriasis assessment tools: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, body surface area and Physician Global Assessment. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(5):851-856. PMC

  202. Langley RG, Feldman SR, Han C, et al. Ustekinumab significantly improves symptoms of anxiety, depression, and skin-related quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(3):457-465. PMC

  203. Lopes S, Gameiro A, Paixão S, et al. Physical activity and psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skin Health Dis. 2024;4(5):e426. doi:10.1002/ski2.426. Wiley

  204. Naldi L, Addis A, Chimenti S, et al. Exercise intervention in psoriasis: a prospective cohort study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2024;14(12):3245-3256. PMC

  205. Egilman AC, Wallach JD, Ross JS, et al. Prices of psoriasis biologics versus clinical benefit: an efficiency frontier analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(3):301-309. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.5849. JAMA

  206. Saleem M, Akhtar N, Hussain A, et al. Nanomedicine for psoriasis: recent advances in drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(4):449. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16040449. MDPI

  207. Li X, Zhang Y, Wang C, et al. CRISPR-based gene therapy and nanomedicine for psoriasis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025;13:1639869. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1639869. Frontiers

  208. Li J, Zhang H, Wang Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells as immunomodulatory therapy for psoriasis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1656724. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1656724. Frontiers

  209. Wang H, Li C, Zhang Y, et al. Expert consensus on mesenchymal stem cell application in psoriasis clinical trials. Aging Dis. 2024;15(4):1456-1470. doi:10.14336/AD.2024.0012. Aging and Disease

  210. Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Garg A, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation consensus statements on vaccination for psoriasis patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;91(5):978-989. PMC

  211. Sontam T, Cho SW, Chen A, Chen H, Raman J, Tarbox M. Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease in diabetic patients despite renoprotective or biologic therapy: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2025;93(3):788-789. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2025.03.098. JAAD

  212. He J, Zhang X, Ge Z, Shi J, Guo S, Chen J. Whole-body cryotherapy can reduce the inflammatory response in humans: a meta-analysis based on 11 randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):7759. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90396-3. Nature

  213. Natarelli N, Gahoonia N, Sivamani RK. Bacteriophages and the microbiome in dermatology: the role of the phageome and a potential therapeutic strategy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2695. doi:10.3390/ijms24032695. PMC

  214. Manchanda Y, De A, Das S, Chakraborty D. Disease assessment in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol. 2023;68(3):278-281. doi:10.4103/ijd.ijd_420_23. PMC

  215. Kumar R, Mahajan M, Mahajan BB. Cryotherapy in chronic plaque psoriasis: an effective therapeutic modality. Egypt J Dermatol Venerol. 2024;44(2):73-79. doi:10.4103/ejdv.ejdv_38_23. LWW

  216. Phan C, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. Association between Mediterranean anti-inflammatory dietary profile and severity of psoriasis: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(9):1017-1024. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2127. PubMed

  217. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(2):168-172. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03377.x. PubMed

  218. Armstrong AW, Mehta MD, Schupp CW, Gondo GC, Bell SJ, Griffiths CEM. Psoriasis prevalence in adults in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(8):940-946. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2007. PubMed

  219. Takeshita J, Gelfand JM, Li P, et al. Psoriasis in the US Medicare population: prevalence, treatment, and factors associated with biologic use. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(12):2955-2963. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.296. PubMed

  220. Takeshita J, Augustin M, de Jong EMGJ, et al. Health-related QOL differs by race/ethnicity in North American patients with psoriasis: results from PSOLAR. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;142(12):2528-2531.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2022.02.013. PubMed

  221. Liang Y, Sarkar MK, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE. Psoriasis: a mixed autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Curr Opin Immunol. 2017;49:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.007. PubMed

  222. Jiaravuthisan MM, Sasseville D, Vender RB, Murphy F, Muhn CY. Psoriasis of the nail: anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of the literature on therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(1):1-27. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.07.073. PubMed

  223. Edwards F, de Berker D. Nail psoriasis: clinical presentation and best practice recommendations. Drugs. 2009;69(17):2351-2361. doi:10.2165/11318180-000000000-00000. PubMed

  224. Cassell SE, Bieber JD, Rich P, et al. The modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index: validation of an instrument to assess psoriatic nail involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(1):123-129. PubMed

  225. Rigopoulos D, Baran R, Chiheb S, et al. Recommendations for the definition, evaluation, and treatment of nail psoriasis in adult patients with no or mild skin psoriasis: a dermatologist and nail expert group consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(1):228-240. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.072. PubMed

  226. de Vries ACQ, Bogaards NA, Hooft L, et al. Interventions for nail psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD007633. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007633.pub2. PubMed

  227. Reich K, Sullivan J, Arenberger P, et al. Effect of secukinumab on the clinical activity and disease burden of nail psoriasis: 32-week results from the randomized placebo-controlled TRANSFIGURE trial. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(5):954-966. doi:10.1111/bjd.17351. PubMed

  228. (duplicate of ref 108, removed)

  229. Warren RB, Smith CH, Yiu ZZN, et al. Differential drug survival of biologic therapies for the treatment of psoriasis: a prospective observational cohort study from the British Association of Dermatologists Biologic Interventions Register (BADBIR). J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(11):2632-2640. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.208. PubMed

  230. Yiu ZZN, Mason KJ, Hampton PJ, et al. Drug survival of adalimumab, ustekinumab and secukinumab in patients with psoriasis: a prospective cohort study from the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register (BADBIR). Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(2):294-302. doi:10.1111/bjd.18981. PubMed

  231. Menter A, Papp KA, Gooderham M, et al. Drug survival of biologic therapy in a large, disease-based registry of patients with psoriasis: results from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(7):1148-1158. doi:10.1111/jdv.13611. PubMed

  232. (duplicate of ref 149, removed)